Organisational leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational leadership - Essay ExampleThis paper will discuss the different responsibilities of CEOs and will seek to establish whether the CEO is influential in rallying organizational culture.The chief executive officer is the overall leader in an organization, and he is required to report to the board of governors. The CEO acts according to the will of the board of governors, and he implements their decisions and strategies. Since the CEO cannot manage the organization on a solo basis, he/she appoints other managers to whom he/she delegates roles and responsibilities (Hajdini, 2010, p. 39). The number and roles of subsequent managers depend on the organizational structure. The CEO is required to understand the goals of the organization and come up with ways of achieving the nonplus goals.The CEO takes actions in place of the board of governors and he/she represents them in the daily operation of the business. The CEO is required to implement the decisions made by the board (Gi tlow, 2004, p.87). He/she governs the organization on behalf of the board and therefore all decisions and strategies must be in line with what the board has decided. The CEO is entrusted with the responsibility of creating philosophies in the organization (Hajdini, 2010, p. 22). The philosophies created should be mission oriented and should favor the employees and the management. Most CEOs have better academic qualification that members of the board and are the responsibility of designing strategies to hand the organizational goals.The CEO is the liaison between the board and the employees and therefore he/she ensures that the two groups linkup well. He/she acts as the link tool through communication between the two groups. The CEO understands the organization better than the board and hence is trusted on advising and informing them. The CEO oversees all the departments and liaises with the department heads to ensure that each

History musicMichael Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History medicamentMichael capital of Mississippi - Essay ExampleHe was won more than than a dozen Grammys, had multiple albums go platinum, and made millions of dollars in sales and merchandising. However, there was more to the story than just a tale of success and wealth. Michael Jackson used his celebrity to draw charge to important issues that needed addressing, as well as, humanitarian and charitable causes worthwhile of being noticed. In this, Michael Jacksons career transcended musical genres, he evolved himself and his music to the needs and causes that were relevant to the times.Michael Jackson was born in August of 1958. He was the 7th of 9 children. Raised in a large and musical family he became the headliner of the familys musical group, The Jackson Five. Unfortunately, the experiences in the earliest years of his career were some of the most difficult. The groups father was rather inexorable and difficult to please. Regardless the Jackson Five went on to great fame an d the Jackson boys became a household name to fans all over (Rolling Stone 1). However, Michaels superlative success would come when he began his solo career in the late 1970s. In the early 1980s the music produced by Wham and The Bangles were phasing the last of the discotheque dance hits out. It was here that Michael Jackson fit in to the upbeat pop of the era. He released Thriller in 1982, which changed the way people perceived the potentials of music videos for generations to come (CNN 1).These songs reflected the more fun loving, almost decadent, times that defined the early 80s decade. The lyrics reflect the fun of dance and creativity. However, while life was good in the United States, other nations or so the world were struggling just to survive. Michael Jackson co-wrote We Are the World in order to draw attention to the famine, disease, and suffering occurring in Africa (CNN 1). It was here that much of Jacksons work began to reflect a message of universal unity and peac e, ,making changes in one s self, and

Influenza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influenza - Essay ExampleThe unhealthiness attacks the respiratory system, is spreading by inhaling droplets and these droplets are spread when an infected, contagious person sneezes and/or contaminated hands and/or surfaces are touched and then the virus gains entry into the body. The disease has a 1-2 day incubation period and symptoms displayed can include the following malaise, myalgia fever lasting a few days and respiratory symptoms of change intensity (Kuszewski & Brydak, 2000, 188). Some of the complications that can develop from contracting the disease are myocardial infections or pneumonia (Kuszewski & Brydak, 2000, 189). Individuals with low immune systems, the young and the old, are particularly unprotected to the disease. Epidemiologically, an influenza outbreak occurs when there are higher than normal levels of infected persons, a low rate of mortality and very few complications. In a pandemic situation, the death rate is quite high and there are numerous complica tions and, sometimes, depending on the severity of the pandemic, there are short and long-term set up on an economy.The Centres for Disease Control define the social determinants of health as the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness. The CDC further notes that the above circumstances are strongly influenced by economics, social policies, and politics (CDC, 2014). In opposite words, the disease does not occur in isolation but is influenced by the manner in which individuals live.

Natural Environment and Campbell Soup Essay Example for Free

Natural Environment and Campbell dope up Essaywhy do some business firms pursue a triple- provide-line outcome slice others focus only on profit maximization? Please, use a really company example to illustrate your points. The triple bottom line outcome focuses on the concept where firms are environmentally conscious and tenderly responsible by achieving a balance between profits, avoiding damage to the environment, and achieving social benefits (Douglas, 2012). Traditionally, firms focused on profit maximization to achieve profits to pay out dividends and capital gains so shareholders can buy things. In a late article, Nursing Homes are overbilling Medicare . 5 billion a class for treatments patients dont need or never receive. When nursing homes where for-profit, 30% of claims sampled were considered improper while non-profit nursing homes estimated only 12% (Waldman, 2012).Jill Horwitz, a professor at the University of California stated that for-profit health care provid ers are more managely to pursue silver in any way possible, even by pushing the legal envelope (Walkman, 2012). There are still for-profit companies who pursue a triple-bottom-line outcome. Campbell Soup alliance has been environmentally conscious and socially responsible since 1953. The Campbell Soup Foundation has been supporting local communities where employees live and institute financially. Campbell Soups headquarters is located in Camden, New Jersey where they donate approximately $1 million each year to impact the local residents in a positive manner (Campbell Soup Foundation). They focus on hunger relief, childhood obesity and youth-related programming. Not only does Campbell Soup commit in its local communities, they also partner is many non-profit organizations like the Boy Girls Club and the United Way.Customers can influence firms to pay more attention to the preservation of the natural environment by emphasizing how important the companionship and environment in which they live are. Many organizations are now trying to go green. They are making products that use fewer materials and are less noisome to the environment. If customers refuse to buy products from organization that do not value the environment, organizations impart change to customers needs. Along with not buying products, customers should not invest with companies who do not value the environment and communities. Economists incorporate the triple bottom line into their models of business decision making by assuming that many individuals will buy shares in companies that achieve the triple bottom line outcomes they want and will sell shares in companies that do not (Douglas, 2012. Pg. 7).ReferencesCampbell soup foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.campbellsoupcompany.com/Foundation.aspx Douglas, E. (2012). Managerial economic science (1st ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This text is a Constellation course digital materials (CDM) title. Waldman, P. (2012, Dec ember 31). For-Profit Nursing Homes Lead in Overcharging While Care Suffers. Bloomberg. Retreived from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-31/for-profit-nursing-homes-lead-in-overcharging-while-care-suffers.html 1. Firm ObjectivesWhy do some business firms pursue a triple-bottom-line outcome while others focus only on profit maximization? Please, use a real company example to illustrate your points.Guided ResponseIn 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion question. Comment on how customers can influence firms to pay more attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates postings. Substantive responses use theory, research, and experience or examples to support ideas and further the class knowledge on the discussion topic.2. Decision Making Under UncertaintyTo birth on gasoline expenses, Edith and Mathew agreed to carpool in concert for traveling to and from work. Edith preferred to tr avel on I-20 pass as it was usually the fastest, taking 25 proceedings in the absence of barter delays. Mathew pointed out that occupation jams on the highway can lead to long delays making the trip 45 legal proceeding. He preferred to travel along Shea boulevard, which was longer (35 minutes), but rarely had traffic jams. Edith agreed that in case of traffic jams, Shea Boulevard was a reasonable alternative. Neither of them knows the state of the highway forth of time. After driving to work on the I-20 highway for 1 month (20 work geezerhood), they found the highway to be jammed 3 times. Uncertainty is when the potential outcomes are not predictable and/or the probabilities of these outcomes are not estimable ahead of time (Douglas, 2012). * I-20 = 25 minutes w/o delays (25 minutes * 365 days = 9,125 minutes) * I-20 = 45 minutes w/ delays* Shea Boulevard = 35 minutes w/o delays* 1st month of travel there where 3 traffic delays assuming 20 workdays each month1. assume that this month is a good representation of all months ahead, should Edith and Mathew continue to use the highway for traveling to work? * 3 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 135 minutes* 17 workdays * 25 minutes = 425 minutes* Total = 560 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Edith and Mathew should continue to use the highway because they save 140 minutes each month. 2. How would you conclusion change for the winter months, if bad weather makes it likely for traffic jams on the highway to increase to 6 days per month? * 6 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 270 minutes* 14 workdays * 25 minutes = 350 minutes* Total = 620 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Edith and Mathew should still continue to take I-20 during winter months because they will continue to save time. They will save 80 minutes of time taking the highway during winter months.3. How would your conclusion change if Mathew purchas ed a new smart-phone app that could show the status of the highway traffic prior to their drive each morning, thus reducing the fortune of them getting into a jam down to only 1day per month (where on this day, the app showed no traffic jam, but a jam developed in the retardation as they were driving along the highway). The conclusion would change in that Edith and Mathew should take Shea Boulevard on days in which they know there is an accident ahead of time. Either way they should continue to take the highway unless they discover accidents ahead of time.Non-Winter* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 45 minutes* 17 workdays (highway) * 25 minutes = 425 minutes* 2 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = 70* Total = 540 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard. Winter* 1 jams (workdays) * 45 minutes = 45 minutes* 14 workdays (highway) * 25 minutes = 350 minutes* 5 workdays (Shea Boulevard) * 35 minutes = 175 minutes * Total = 570 minutes compared to* 20 workdays * 35 minutes = 700 minutes when taking Shea Boulevard.4. Further, comment on how the conclusions of this problem will change if there was no uncertainty and the highway always had traffic jams, whereas Shea Blvd was always traffic jam free? Is this scenario realistic and why? Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates postings * 20 workdays * 45 minutes (I-20 w/ jams) = 900 minutes. * 20 workdays * 35 minutes (Shea Boulevard) = 700 minutes. If this was the case, Edith and Mathew would take Shea Boulevard every day. The scenario can be realistic because construction could incur at some point throughout the year cause delays and an increase in accident rates.ReferencesDouglas, E. (2012). Managerial Economics (1st ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education.This text is a Constellation course digital materials (CDM) title.

Juvenile Probation and Community-based Corrections Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Probation and Community-based Corrections EssayThis society is much to a greater extent various than that of yester twenty-four hour period. Today, the country is encountering the biggest economic crisis, the war against Iraq seems to be endless, and the crime rates argon increasing to a highly alarming level. As depressing as this current situation appears, the fifty-fifty more devastating part is that the juveniles have been partly responsible for the crime and violence all over the country. Juvenile delinquents ar unexampled people. To be more specific, they are individuals below the intelligent age or under eighteen who have been convicted of a crime. In some states, the legal age for criminal liability has been lowered down to 14 years old (Hill Hill, 2005). Criminal Justice System is a very complicated and various(a) field, and the aspect concerning juvenile delinquency has always been on top of controversies and heated debates. These schoolboyish people ar e in the early stages of their lives and as such, it is difficult to create by mental act and implement the exact measure that will be necessary and effective for them to learn their lesson.Everybody knows that breaking the law and committing serious crime and violence are inconceivable however, a more unbearable and heartbreaking thought would be finding out that the law offenders and crime doers are babyren who, at their very young age, are supposed to be blissfully unaware of the devastating aspect of being a grown-up. They should be in school studying, conform toing and enjoying their innocence (McCurley Snyder, 2004).Examining all the different angles of juvenile delinquency can be a very complex process, and as such, different measures and approaches are necessary. The observation made by many was that the plans and programs enacted contract too much in the offense, and they may have lost their perspective on the treatment. Some states lowered the age of accountability f rom juveniles to adults. The courts, on the other hand, created lower limit sentences depending on the offense. The problem created in these situations lie in the application.These are offense-based strategies. They create an assumption that the youth who committed a crime should be dealt with no return what. These laws completely disregard the age, level of maturity, individual differences, and the competence of the person in making judgments. For instance, in Virginia, New York, and other states, laws relating to juveniles have been adjusted to include young children who committed serious crimes to be essay as adults and not as juveniles (University of Pittsburgh, n. d. ).When asked about this new reform, these states simply stated that there are times when the child committed crimes in ways that are heinous and unthinkable, and as such, the acts cannot be perceived as the works of a child. Therefore, the court deemed it proper that they be tried and punished as adults (MoneyIns tructor. com, 2009). Rehabilitation and not punishment should be the main aim of juvenile delinquency laws. The presumption is that adolescents are very fragile during their suppuration years. Thus, they should be treated with extreme care and sensitivity.In order to make an effective prevention plan, one must first understand the persons main reason in being involved in these criminal activities in order for different methods and approaches in disciplining them to be enforced. The political relation has not devoted up hope in reaching out to these youngsters, so they made available community and residential treatments as well as non-residential and institutionalized treatments. A person will be placed by the court on probation when it becomes convinced that the child poses no harm or danger to himself and to the society.Probation is a superintend program commanded by the court of competent jurisdiction in instances wherein the offender is a youth which has been convicted of a criminal act. In this case, the persons liberty is limited, and his or her activities are restricted and are under the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice. It is mandated by the court that the youth should follow all the conditions and sanctions in lodge with the offense (Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, 2005).Some of the conditions under which a youth is released for probation are being home on a specific time of the day upon the request of the probation officer, attending school, and obeying its rules and regulations constantly. The court may also order the youth to avoid going to a particular type of place and to avoid mix with a group of people. As of 1999, statistics show that four out of ten juvenile delinquency cases or approximately more than one half were placed under probation (Elrod Ryder, 2005).Community-based correction and treatment pertains to the different kinds of overseeing, control, and support for the youth offenders. These plans and programs were organized because the government firmly believes that one of the efficient and effective ways to influence the young people to change their bad attitudes and behaviors and become a better person is to assist and give them responsibilities that belong to a normal person within a particular community (Elrod Ryder, 2005). It is important for the juvenile to be affiliated with a group.This will give him or her a chance to socialize and be present with other people with whom he or she can relate to. This environment is especially set up and programmed for the children to feel as normal as achievable and for them to be engaged in community-related activities. Making these youngsters feel that they are significant and accepted in the society will help speed up their rehabilitation. The government strongly supports the community treatment for juveniles because of the symbiotic relationship created.In this atmosphere, everybody has a role to play therefore, no one would feel less imp ortant and unnoticeable (Streib Sametz, 2006). Restitution has also been made a part of the community treatment. In restitution, the offender gives either monetary payment or community service in proportion to the damages that the victim suffered. This is a way of reimbursing the victim for everything that he or she experienced because of the crime. The rationale behind this type of treatment is that rehabilitation in the lightest and mildest form may lead the offender to think about what he did.Putting a child in a punishable establishment even for just a minor infraction would not rehabilitate him or her it would ruin the childs life and his or her perspective for the worst, thereby destroying his or her life (Streib Sametz, 2006). Community-based programs for correction and rehabilitation aim to achieve several(prenominal) objectives. These include but are not limited to sanctioning the youth offenders, assisting them in identifying themselves in relation to the community that they belong to, and helping them realize that being in this program is much better than being placed inside a penal establishment.There are times when they should realize the truth of their current situation because some of these young offenders resist being helped and would rather be put in an institution. Helping them see the possibilities and changes that may occur by reason of their cooperation in the community will help them gain a variety of new perspectives, and in some instances, this is an effective strategy (Elrod Ryder, 2005). Every treatment given is on a case-to-case basis depending on the situation.Thus, there is no treatment proven to be most effective for all juveniles. The community-based treatment generates different results. The test to measure whether or not a program worked is the recidivism rate. If the offender, after finishing the rehabilitation plan, never committed another crime again, that is only the time when the program can be declared as effective (S treib Sametz, 2006). There are also several pieces of evidence that prove that this program is less inexpensive than institutional-based programs.Other programs for youth offenders have been evaluated, and according to the findings, they do not produce great improvement as shown by subsequent acts of the offenders. The government was not surprised to a certain extent because the disparity between the community-based approach and other types of programs can be quickly ascertained. Due to these results, some states are making a huge effort to shift their plan of action to community-based systems (Streib Sametz, 2006). There are many factors that come into play regarding the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency.The parents, the church, and the community greatly influence the upbringing of these children. In most cases, the root of the problem for these youth is lack of self-acceptance, guidance, and attention. The future of the country lies in the hands of these children, and if they mess up their present, they will have no future ahead of them. The juvenile justice system is continuing and struggling to attain its pop the question in giving the youth a second chance at life because of that promising hope of a brighter tomorrow for the entire country.

Persecution in the Church Essay Example for Free

Persecution in the Church EssayIn the book of Matthew 28 16-20 Jesus messiah give us what is known as the Great Commission in this passage of scripture Jesus says I have been habituated all authority in heaven and on earth Go to the people of all nations and start emerge them my disciples. Baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and apprize them to do everything I have told you. I will be with you always, even until the end of the world. 1 In the centuries following the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ the church building did sound that. However not without resistance from local governments, Christianity was considered a rouge movement that defied the governmental establishments of the time.While Christians were simply seeking to live their life in worship to the living God, the government especially in the papistic Empire saw them as outliers and a threat to the roman way of life. While former(a)(a) religions were generally acce pted by the roman government, Christianity was different. Romans were religious people, they had their pantheon of gods, but they did not see Christianity as a religion, they saw it as superstitio or a superstition. In fact Pliny a Roman governor circa 110 AD called Christianity superstition taken to extravagant lengths. 2 Roman distrust for this new religion proceed to swell with each century. Some emperor moths were tolerant and some were intolerant to the point of killing Christian non-conformist.Despite growing and widespread persecutions, imprisonments, and calvarys2. Robert L. Wilkin, The Piety of the Persecutors. Christian History, expiration 27 (Vol. XI, No. 3), p. 18Church of Jesus Christ grew. Through the bravery, tenacity, and audacity of previous(predicate) Christian men and women we today have a live legacy of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. When it would have been easier to succumb to the Roman government and its edicts and religious institutions, God gave his people t he willingness and power to stand up for what they knew was the truth. The Roman government thought they could intimidate Christians to silence but they were wrong.Persecution of the church started almost at the gravelning and continued sporadically through the next three hundred and fifty dollar bill years. During this termination Christians endures minor persecutions to the more extreme measures of persecution. At times the persecutions were local and at times they were empire wide. There was generally what is considered tem great periods of persecution.History of PersecutionsThe Persecution nether Emperor Nero in Circa 64-68ADThe Persecution under Emperor Nero was the beginning of what is considered the ten periods of persecution. it was under Neros rule that the Apostle Paul was sick personed. At his second trial before Nero he knew that he would not be acquitted of the offences against him, the Roman government saw him as a threat and wanted him dead. His exact manner of oddment is unsung however it is generally accepted that he was beheaded.3 Nero is also responsible for the _________________________3. Albert Barnes, Scenes and Incidents in the Life of the Apostle Paul Viewed as Illustrating the Nature and Influence of the Christian Religion (Ulan Press, 2012), 1. Martyrdom of the apostle Peter. Peter was by all accounts crucified, but he was said that he felt himself to be unworthy to be roll to death in the comparable manner as his Master, and was in that locationfore, at hisown request, crucified with his head downward.4 this was provided the Beginning of the persecutions, many more followedPersecution under Domitian (r. 81-96).The Emperor Domitian was a cruel man, not only to Christians he murdered his own br different, and killed high ranking governmental officials so that he could confiscate their land and estates. He successfully raised the second persecution of Christians by demanding that anyone who came from the lineage of David be k illed. Fabricated stories were made up about Christian during this time in order to sc ar the roman public. For example people were told that just about any natural disaster was the fault of the Christians. Christians were brought before the magistrates and ordered to take a test oath, if the person failed to take the oath they were sentenced to death, if they claimed faith in Jesus the same sentence was pronounced. The Roman government passed a law, That no Christian, once brought before the tribunal, should be exempted from punishment without renouncing his religion.5 The notable martyrs during this persecution were St. John, who was boiled in oil, and after banished to Patmos. Simeon, bishop of Jerusalem, who was crucified and Flavia, the daughter of a Roman senator, was also banished to Pontus6 _________________________4. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zon dervan, 1978), Chapter 11. 5. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11. 6. ibidPersecution under Trajan (112-117)During the third Persecution, the persecution of Trajan from 122-117 AD Christianity was officially outlawed, however the government of Rome did not seek out Christians to imprison or kill them at this time. If a Christian was imprisoned for some reason during this persecution they would havehowever been killed in particularly gruesome ways. For example many Christians were crucified on Mt. Ararat, the officials would use crowns of thorns as well as pierce the sides of Christians in mockery mimicking what was done to Jesus himself. Ignatius was probably the most noted martyr during this period. Appointed the Bishop of Antioch after Peter, because he confessed Christ he was handed over to the wild beast as tradition holds. He wrote to the church in Rome saying Now I begin to be a disciple.I care for nothing, of visible or invisible things, so that I may but win Christ. Let fire and the cross, permit the companies of wild beasts, let breaking of bones and tearing of limbs, let the grinding of the whole body, and all the malice of the devil, come upon me be it so, only may I win Christ Jesus I am the wheat of Christ I am going to be ground with the teeth of wild beasts, that I may be found pure bread. 7 Finally during this time Quadratus, bishop of Athens, made an apology to the emperor on behalf of Christians. This apology coupled with an epistle written by a philosopher in the city, relaxed the emperors views toward Christians to relent8 _________________________7. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11 8. ibidPersecution under Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180)During th e persecution under Marchs Aureluis, The torture Christians received during this period, was so weighty that even spectators to the torture would shudder at the extent of it. Christians were barrenly tortured during this period. They were often scourged to the point that their muscles and veins were visible they were made to walk over nails, sharp shells, and thorns with feet that were already badly injured. The fate of their lives werent much better, if they did not succumb to the torture they were made to endure, they were beheaded, pressed in concert with weights, or burned at the steak.The notable Martyrs of this period are Polycarp, who after being captured byRoman guards was permitted an hour to pray. After the hour was done the guards who had watched him pray so fervently, actually repented that they had been instrumental in his capture. He was then dragged before proconsul and urged Swear and I will release theereproach Christ. 9 Upon his refusal he was burned in the mark et place. Justin was another notable martyr during this period. Justin was a notable scholar, philosopher, and teacher. After finishing The Second Apology Justin the emperor was angry and as a result Justin and six of his companions were imprisoned and forced to make sacrifices to pagan gods, when they refused the were scourged and the beheaded.9. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11 10. ibidPersecution under Septimus Severus A.D. 192The emperor Severus, was not especially violent toward Christians. One had protected his life from a sever sickness. However ignorance in the people coupled with outdated laws put in place to execute Christians is what drove the persecution during this period. Pleasure on the Emperor by The masses, made Severus make a new edict that any new believer to Jesus Christ should be executed. many Christians were of necessity killed under Severus because of this edict Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons was one of the notable martyrs of this period. His zeal for the things of God made the Emperor take notice of him, after a considerable amount of irritation grew Irenaeus was tortured and beheaded.11 Perpetua and Felicitas were cardinal other notable figures in this period. Bothe women were married Perpetua was nursing and infant son and Felicitas was pregnant at the time of her capture and later gave deliver in prison. On the day appointed for their execution, they were led to the amphitheater. Felicitas and Perpetua were stripped, in order to be thrown to a mad bull, the bull attacked Perpetua first and then darted at Felicitas, and gored her. Both women survived being attacked by the bull, but were later executed by sword. The audience watching the torture and execution was said to have been sickened by the fix of Felisitas lactating breast fromher recent birth.11. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 1112. Alexander Roberts et al., 10 Early Christian Saints Polycarp, Perpetua and Felicitas, Cyprian, Eusebius, Antony, Athanasius, Chrysostom, Jerome, Patrick, benedict (publication place Error, 2012), 1.The Sixth Persecution, Under Maximus, A.D. 235, mnDuring the sixth persecution under the Emperor Maximus the president Seremianus was on a mission to kill as many Christians as he could. Many Christians were sentenced to death without ever even receiving a trial, Christians were killed in mass killings and dumped into mass gravesnot unlike the genocide bestowed upon the Jews, during Hitlers eclipse of terror in the early part of the 1900s. Christians were denied any or the respect or decency that so called loyal Roman citizens would expect in their death and burial.Many Christians were killed or tortured during this period most notab le are Pontianus, bishop of Rome, Anteros, his successor, who gave offence to the government by collecting the acts of the martyrs. As well as Hippolitus, a Christian prelate (high ranking member of the clergy) 13, who was cruelly tied to a wild horse, and dragged until he died.Persecution under Decius (250-251)After a time of relative peace and an emperor that was deemed a Christian, the emperor Decius had a decidedly vigorous hate for Christians. Decius goal was to erase even the name Christian at any cost. His decrees to kill Christians encourage the heathens who were happy13. Merriam-Webster, The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (Springfield, MA Merriam Webster Mass Market, 2004), 1. 14. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11 to honor the decrees by killing any Christian they could find. The More Christian deaths attributed to one heathen the higher that heathens merit would be. Fabian, the bishop of Rome, was the first person of prominence to fall victim to this murderous rampage. The previous(prenominal) emperor, Phillip thought highly of Fabian and made the bishop his treasurer however Decius did not think so highly of Fabian. On January 20, A.D. 250, he was beheaded Peter, a young, upstanding man, was stretched upon a wheel, by which all his bones were broken was beheaded for refusing to sacrifice to Venus.He was quoted as saying I am astonished you should sacrifice to an disreputable woman, whose debaucheries even your own historians record, and whose life consisted of such actions as your laws would punish. No, I shall offer the true God the acceptable sacrifice of praises and prayers. 15 An unconditioned amount of Christians were killed during this time. Christians are actively sought out by requiring public sacrifice. If they refused they would be killed or they could buy certificates (libelli) instead of sacrificing. The latter was against the rules of the church and carried a severe punishment16 Persecution under Valerian (257-59)Valerian took his position in A.D. 257 and maintained his position for three and a half years. During his reign there is no number that can be put on how many Christians were martyred during this time. A couple of the martyrs that were named were bishops with in Rome. There was Stephen who was beheaded and then there was a Toulouse who refused to sacrifice.15. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11 16. Ferguson, Everett. Church History. 2 vols. Grand Rapids, Mich. Zondervan, 2005-2013. Pp 161-162 Idols, which had his feet tied to the tail of a bull that ran down stairs causes his head to be smashed. Sextus who succeeded Stephen was very doughty during his time a bishop. It was during his time that the government released an order to put to death all Christian clergy in Rome, Stephen as well as his deacons where martyred.With no wish of age, sex, or title Valerian continued to martyr Christian until he was captured and brought into slavery by the emperor of Persia. After being a slave for seven years, Valerian had his eye removed and was flayed alive by the emperor, which is what caused Valerian to die. In A.D. 260, Gallienus, who was Valerian, succeeded his father and actually during his time, enjoyed peace with the church17Persecution under Aurelian (r. 270275)In A.D 274 Aurelian was in emperor of Rome and had been mainly responsible for the martyrs of two known Christians. The first being a bishop named Felix, who was an advanced prelate to the Roman see. He was later martyred by being sentenced to death by being beheaded. The other known martyr was a gentleman named Agapetus, who sold everything and gave it all to the poor. He was arrested for being a Christian, tortured and then behea ded for this deed. Although Aurelian is not tied together with many martyrs, we planted the seed that was later picked up by a leader named Diocletian.17. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 11Severe persecution under Diocletian and Galerius (303-324)In A.D 303 were succumbed to a new leader that had a vision of removing all Christians and everything related to the faith. A Roman leader named Galerius was persuaded by his choose son Diocletian to start thepersecution of Christians. The persecution that was set forth towards became so bad that the time frame of these leaders became known as the Era of the Martyrs.This Era began on February 23, A.D 303 by churches being forced open and all books were removed and set to flames. Not being satisfied by the burning of the books Diocletian and Galerius had all churches levelled to the ground and all Christians give way as outlaws. Many Christians were seized, severely tortured, and then burned alive. Enable to increase the persecution of Christians Galerius ordered the imperial palace to be set on fire and management Christians with the crime. This lead to Christian homes being set on fire while families were in them and perishing in the fire. Some families were tied together with rocks around their necks and thrown into the sea. This cordial of tortured last ten years and got to the level were new inventions were created on how to conduct torture as well as an entire city named Phrygia, was burnt to the ground with all the Christians from the town dying in the flames. At one point many of the governors came to the imperial court submitting how they were tired with the slaughtering of the people. From that point on, since they could not be put to death, Christians had their ears, eyes, noses, or limbs removed to make life as hard as possible.During this time there was a Christian officer of the emperors guard at Rome named Sebastian. Not willing to give in to the pagan believe that was being taught to him as a guard, Sebastian was shot to death with arrows. once the execution was completed, other Christians were allowed to recover his body for burial. It was during this time, that they found life in his body and proceeded to help him recover. Sebastian decided to confront Diocletian, who was overcome with surprise to see him alive, and reprehended him for miscellaneous cruelties and prejudices against Christian. Sebastian was sentenced to death by beating and was thrown into the sewers where his body was later recovered and buried by Christians.The Christian ResponseOne would expect for Christianity to have died out after so many centuries ofan all-out demonic attack against the people of God. Thats not what happened though. Despite all torture, discrimination. And mass killings. Christianity grew tremendously. In the face of Brobdingnagian per secution, many Christians decided that it was worth it to die before they would deny their Lord and Savior. Justin Martyr was quoted as saying Though beheaded, and crucified, and thrown to wild beasts, and chains, and fire, and all other kinds of torture, we do not give up our confession but, the more such things happen, the more do others in larger numbers become faithful.20 The killing of Christians was meant to dissuade other citizens from becoming Christians and to persuade Christians to turn their back on God. Martyrdom was meant to be a dishonor instead it became the highest honor for a Christian. Many onlookers marveled at the fact that Christians could be put through so much and still be strong in their faith.19. William Byron Forbush, ed., Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978), Chapter 1120. Justin Martyr, Michael Slusser, and Justin, Dialogue with Trypho (Selections from the Fathers of the Church), rewrite ed. (Washington, DC Catholic Univ of Amer Pr, 2003), 1.The very thing that was supposed to deter Roman citizens from Christianity was in actuality driving them toward it. Another Christian response to persecution was to write an apology, not an apology in the sense of the way we use the term today, but as a defense of Christianity. The Apologist as they are known wrote apologys to defend Christians and their faith, against pagan actions and misconceptions. These apologies were mainly aimed at emperors to dispute the erroneous claims that pagans held about Christians, and to promote Christians as Good citizens of the Roman Government that held differing religious beliefs. Christians were not cannibalistic, law breaking, people who involved in orgies and this is what the apologies tried to convey, in hopes that the persecution of the time would subside.ConclusionFrom the beginning of the Christian faith there was always demonic opposition to t he growth of Christianity. Satan used people as his pawns from the moment of the birth of Jesus to exterminate Gods plan for the world. After the death and resurrection of our Savior this demonic influence was kicked into overdrive. Roman Emperor after Roman Emperor tried to eradicate Christianity, but because of the strength and faith of many early Christians this did not happen. Today we can thank the early church fathers for laying the foundation and planting the seeds of the Church that we have today and especially in the States take for granted. This does not mean that the devils all-out assault on the Christian church is over it is still under attack even today. Still in many party of the world Christians are tortured and die every day because they refuse to deny the truth. The struggle of the early church seems to be so far away for some of us who live comfortably and have the freedom to worship how we want. In reality as a people we are not that far removed from it. Every Ch ristian person should be aware of the price that was paid for the Christianity there is today.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Wilken, Robert L. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them. 2nd ed. sweet Haven, CT Yale University Press, 2003.2. Barnes, Albert. Scenes and Incidents in the Life of the Apostle Paul Viewed as Illustrating the Nature and Influence of the Christian Religion. Publication place Ulan Press, 2012.3. Forbush, William Byron, ed. Foxs Book of Martyrs a History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Early Christian and Protestant Martyrs. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1978.4. Roberts, Alexander, James Donaldson, St. Athanasius, Philip Schaff, St Patrick, and Tertullian. 10 Early Christian Saints Polycarp, Perpetua and Felicitas, Cyprian, Eusebius, Antony, Athanasius, Chrysostom, Jerome, Patrick, Benedict. publication place Error, 2012.5. Merriam-Webster. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield, MA Merriam Webster Mass Market, 2004.6. Ferguson, Everett. Church History. 2 vols. Grand Rapids, Mich. Zondervan, 2005-2013.7. Martyr, Justin, Michael Slusser, and Justin. Dialogue with Trypho (Selections from the Fathers of the Church). Revised ed. Washington, DC Catholic Univ of Amer Pr, 2003.

Recycling And Reuse Of Construction And Demolition Wastes Construction Essay

Recycling And Re put on Of Construction And Demolition Wastes Construction EssayWhat is yearn? In fact, we do not have a definitive list of what is and is not shove off. In expression case, the wipe out can be generated from building a structure (under construction) and those created during the wrecking of a building ( death debris).There are many buildings built in whole of the world. At the same time, there are overly many building going to be demolished. Hence, the construction and devastation works provide bring verboten a lot of debris scratch off or waste. Thus, construction and demolition works is the largest contributor of waste in the world.Recycling and use are the essential comp whiznts of environmentally-responsible of every maven. Some of the waste can be cycle and reuse and some are not. Recycling is the collection of used materials that would or else be waste to be broken down and reproduce for others purpose. Similarly, reuse is use again the cycle waste in the proper way. In the construction field, suitable method go out be applied to recycling the CD waste and reuse it in others way.Recently, the environmental impact is the pressing issue in the world. With the improper ways to deal with the waste, it will lead to environment harms. Most of the CD wastes are recyclable some of the examples of the recyclable waste are bricks, concrete, timber, asphalt, steel and block. Indeed, most of the CD wastes are recyclable. Therefore, recycling and reuse of CD waste is one of the most important aspects in the construction field.If the construction field from all around the world implement the recycling and reuse method to the CD works, it will minimizing the waste problems and negative impact to the environment concurrently. Hence this is a good practice to minimize the CD waste with proper method.AimTo study the reuse and recycling of construction waste in construction and demolition works for Bricks and Concrete.ObjectivesTo identify the two types of construction waste in bricks and concrete.To determine the ways of recycling and reuse the construction waste.To determine whether there is any limitation in reuse and recycling the construction waste in MalaysiaProblem Statement build construction is fast moving around the world. The demolition works will bring out a lot of debris or waste. Construction and demolition wastes are one of the largest waste streams in the world. With the improper ways to deal with the waste, it will lead to environment harms. Recycling and reuse of building materials waste is one of the most important aspect in the construction field. I would like to carry out the studies of 2R of CD waste which are bricks and concrete.Reuse and recycling of building materials waste is a good practice in construction field. From the research, almost all the job site wastes are recyclable. This research will come out the positive and negative outcome of recycling and reuse of CD waste. Indeed, 2R of buildi ng materials waste will save the costs than to throw them away. In my research, I will try to explore is there any limitations or improvements for the reuse and recycling practice in Malaysia. This is because compare to others country, Malaysia is still improving in this aspect in the construction field.Scope of StudyWhat is covered in my studyWhat are the construction waste which can reuse and recycling in construction field?Positive and negative outcomes of 2R of construction waste.How the construction waste recycling and reuse.Any limitation and improvement of 2R of CD waste.MethodologyStage 1 Initial planStage 2 Literature ReviewA comprehensive of review of the relevant literature including a computer-assisted search will be undertaken in localize to develop an understanding of two types of the construction waste which can be recycling and reuse. The Literature Review will be followed by a questionnaire with the relevant people.Stage 3 QuestionnairesThis stage will be implemen ted by carry out the questionnaire to the relevant people such as manufacturer or contractor in the construction industry. Besides, information from internet search, newspaper, journals and magazine will also be part of my data collection.Stage 4 Writing upThis stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation should cover the chapters proposed in the following sectionChapter 1 intromissionChapter 2- Literature ReviewIdentifying two types of the construction waste for bricks and concrete.The ways of reuse and recycling of the construction wasteDetermine whether there is any limitations in reuse and recycling of construction waste in Malaysia.Chapter 3 Case StudyChapter 4 Data analysisChapter 5 closure and RecommendationsReferencesSome of the example of questionnairesWhich types of materials would you think that is highly produced in the Construction and demolition works?Steel b) Timber c) Bricks d) ConcreteDo you think that there is any limitation or improvement of reu se and recycling of CD waste in Malaysia?Cost b) Techniques c) Lack of professional workforce/experienceDo you think that 2R of CD waste important?What are the factors that you think that 2R of CD waste important?Environmental issuesSave costGovernment pressureProject Plan and ScheduleTask to be completedMonth1112123456789101112Initial ProposalIntroductionLiterature ReviewChapter 1 Types of wasteChapter 2 ways of 2RChapter 3 improvement/limitationResearch MethodologyInterviewData analysisConclusion and recommendationOverall References